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Authors
Stibbe, Danielle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7834-495X
Ruiter, Stijn https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2872-2710
Moneva, Asier https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2156-0213
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (406.17.562)
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Article History
Received: 7 January 2026
Accepted: 30 June 2026
First Online: 20 July 2026
Declarations
Conflict of interest: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Compliance with ethical standards: Before the experiment was conducted, the Ethics Committee for Legal and Criminological Research (CERCO) of the Vrije Universiteit (VU) was consulted and they provided a positive advice. This study observed participants without their knowledge to capture potentially criminal behavior, and therefore no informed consent was obtained. However, a strict data protection protocol was followed to protect the participants’ privacy.
