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Article History

Received: 10 June 2025

Revised: 1 August 2025

Accepted: 15 August 2025

First Online: 23 September 2025

Declarations

:

: The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the University Duisburg-Essen (19-8961-BO) and all procedures were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients have provided their written consent.

: All authors have given their consent for publication.

: S.D.-T., S.S. (Svenja Straßburg), T.S., F.E.G, J.O., M.W., G.W., and P.D. have no conflicts of interest to declare. S.S. (Sivagurunathan Sutharsan) received personal fees from Proteostasis Therapeutics, Novartis Pharma, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Chiesi, and Teva outside of the submitted work; and grants from Galapagos, Proteostasis Therapeutics, Celtaxsys, Flatley, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Teva, Chiesi, Boehringer Ingelheim, Corbus Pharmaceuticals, and Ionis Pharmaceuticals outside of the sub-mitted work. CS has received consulting/speaking fees and research support from Astra Zeneca, Bayer, BerlinChemie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Jazz Pharma, Löwen-stein Medical, Novartis, Philips Respironics, ResMed, and UCB. CT reports consulting fees paid to his institution from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Chiesi, and GSK; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events paid to his institution from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Chiesi and GSK; and an unpaid leadership or fiduciary role at the German Society of Allergy in the past 36 months.