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Article History

Received: 30 April 2025

Revised: 31 July 2025

Accepted: 17 September 2025

First Online: 13 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore (IEC KMC MLR 09/2023/371). All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were by the ethical standards of the Institutional Ethics Committee, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study is registered with the Clinical Trial Registry-India (CTRI/2023/12/060461).

: This study involved human participants and was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee, KMC, Mangalore (IEC KMC MLR 09/2023/371).

: Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest: The authors declare no potential conflict of interest for the study. The research involves human participants. The Institutional Ethics Committee approved the study. Informed consent was taken before the study.

: The abstract of the article was presented in the ‘ Sleep and Breathing ’ conference organised by the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and ESRS in April, 2025 in Antwerp, Belgium.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants in the study.

: All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organisation or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.

: No competing interest.