Document is current

Article History

Received: 21 April 2025

Revised: 29 September 2025

Accepted: 24 October 2025

First Online: 8 November 2025

Declarations

:

: All procedures performed in the studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the McGill University Health Center Research Ethics Committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: The opinions expressed in this manuscript are the author’s own and do not reflect the views of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging.

: The author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication. TG: None, AB: None, RP: grants and personal fees from Fonds de la Recherche en Sante, grants from Canadian Institute of Health Research, grants from Michael J. Fox Foundation, grants from Webster Foundation, personal fees from Biogen, personal fees from Curasen, personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from Eisai, other from Parkinson Canada, grants from National Institute of Health, personal fees from International Parkinson and Movement Disorders Society, personal fees from Merck, personal fees from Vaxxinity, personal fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, personal fees from Clinilabs, personal fees from Ventus, personal fees from Korro, personal fees from Calico, outside the submitted work A-LL: None, RJK: research grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, The Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada, Fonds de Recherche du Quebec – Santé, Research operating funds from Philips-Respironics Inc., Equipment support from ResMed Inc., and VitalAire Inc., MK: Research grants from Temple, Canadian Institutes for Health Research; Advisory Committee for Biron Soins du Sommeil.