Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute on Aging (5P01AG041710-05)
Article History
Received: 22 August 2025
Revised: 6 October 2025
Accepted: 10 November 2025
First Online: 19 November 2025
Declarations
:
: Participants provided written informed consent.
: The study protocol “Health and Aging in Africa: A Longitudinal Study in South Africa (HAALSI)” was approved by the “University of the Witwatersrand Human Research Ethics Committee (ref. M141159), the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Office of Human Research Administration (ref. C13–1608–02), and the Mpumalanga Provincial Research and Ethics Committee”.
: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.