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Article History

Received: 16 June 2025

Revised: 12 November 2025

Accepted: 3 December 2025

First Online: 10 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the Ordu University Scientific Research Ethics Committee (Application No: BAEK-306, Decision No: 2023/296) and conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration, including its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Written informed consent to participate was obtained from all patients included in this study.

: Not applicable. This study does not include identifiable individual patient data, images, or videos.

: Limited to AI-assisted copy-editing ; all scientific content is author-generated and fully verified by the authors.

: The authors declare that they have no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.