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Article History

Received: 22 October 2025

Revised: 23 January 2026

Accepted: 9 February 2026

First Online: 26 February 2026

Declarations

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: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee (the institutional review board of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Additional informed consent was obtained from all individual participants for whom identifying information is included in this article.

: The authors declare that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.