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Article History

Received: 29 November 2023

Accepted: 9 April 2025

First Online: 25 April 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: No ethical approval was necessary for the conduction of the study.

: This study was conducted with public use data considered non-confidential, so the research did not involve human participants. Data were obtained from the European Health Surveys of Spain 2014 and 2020, and these surveys were regulated by Regulation (EC) 1338/2008 and Commission Regulation 141/2013. Therefore, approval by an accredited bioethics committee was not required.

: Before conducting the interviews for the European Health Surveys in Spain 2014–2020, accredited interviewers contacted the participants, informing them that they had been selected to participate voluntarily in the survey, the objectives and characteristics of the survey, the processing and anonymous publication of the data, and whether they agreed to participate in the survey. For this study, anonymous public data published by the Spanish Ministry of Health together with the Spanish National Institute of Statistics were used, so this research did not require informed consent from the participants.

: The data were obtained from non-confidential, open-access public recordspublished by the INE, no official ethics committee oversight and authorization was required.However, the 2014 and 2020 EHSS were regulated by Commission Regulation (EU) 141/2013 of 19 February 2013 and Commission Regulation (EU) 255/2018 of 19 February 2019, implementing Framework Regulation 1338/2008.