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The Norseman Xtreme Triathlon: A narrative review of current scientific evidence on performance, physiology, and health risks

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-026-01652-6

Published Online: 2026-01-28

Published Print: 2026-03

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Knechtle, Beat https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2412-9103
Andrade, Marilia Santos https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7004-4565
Leite, Luciano Bernardes https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3012-1327
Forte, Pedro https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0184-6780
Nikolaidis, Pantelis T https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8030-7122
Chlibkova, Daniela https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9592-7332
Weiss, Katja https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1247-6754
Rosemann, Thomas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6436-6306
Duric, Sasa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3392-0087
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-01-28

Version of Record valid from 2026-01-28
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Article History

Received: 22 June 2025

Revised: 8 December 2025

Accepted: 12 January 2026

First Online: 28 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.