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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (12027901, 12041202)
Association of American Railroads' (AAR) Strategic Research Initiative (SRI) University programs
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Article History
Received: 3 May 2025
Accepted: 10 September 2025
First Online: 4 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
