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Article History

Received: 21 May 2024

Revised: 18 April 2025

Accepted: 19 June 2025

First Online: 7 July 2025

Declarations

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: The authors declare no conflicts of interest relevant to this manuscript in the context of landscape and ecological engineering. Ethical approval for this research was granted by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champain and National Taiwan University, ensuring compliance with ethical standards relevant to this research. All procedures involving human subjects or environmental impact assessments were conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines set forth by these institutions.