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Article History

Received: 5 November 2024

Accepted: 5 February 2025

First Online: 19 February 2025

Declarations

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: This study focuses on the use of copper slag as a precursor of iron oxides and on assessing the effectiveness of this material to treat contaminated water with the IC dye for providing more effective solutions for environmental protection and waste management. This research did not involve human participants, human data, or human tissue samples, nor did it involve animal experiments. During the research process, special attention was paid to minimizing the environmental impact during the experimentation process, adopting principles of minimizing the use of chemicals and the generation of waste. The waste generated was disposed of in accordance with relevant environmental regulations. With these measures, we ensure ethical integrity and care for the environment. The design, experimentation, and execution of this research comply with the ethical and publication standards of the journal Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

: This research focuses on the development and evaluation of a catalyst synthesized from metallurgical slag for the elimination of organic contaminants. It does not involve human participants, human data, or human tissue samples.

: No human participates in the research “Copper metallurgical slag as a sustainable precursor of iron oxide photocatalysts to remove indigo carmine dye from water using the Photo-Fenton process”; thus, it is not required any consent to publish.

: The authors declare no competing interests.