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Article History

Received: 11 March 2024

Accepted: 10 April 2025

First Online: 28 April 2025

Declarations

:

: Given the retrospective and analytical nature of our study, focussed on estimating the volume of electric vehicle lithium-ion battery scrap directed towards recycling facilities within the European Union, ethical approval was not sought. Our research did not involve direct human participants, personal data or any intervention that would typically necessitate ethical oversight. It is based on the analysis of publicly available data, industry reports and projections related to electric vehicle registrations, battery end-of-life scenarios and recycling facility capacities. All procedures performed were in accordance with the ethical standards of scientific research and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This type of study is exempt from requiring ethical approval as per the guidelines and regulations of our institution and the national research committee.

: This study did not involve human participants, personal data or other subjects from which consent to participate would be required.

: This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including any individual details, images or videos). The study is based on aggregate data from publicly available sources and does not involve case studies requiring individual consent to publish.

: The authors declare no competing interests.