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Authors
Rafidah, Mazlan
Lazi, Mohd Khairul Afzan Mohd
Padil, Khairul Hazman
Hassan, Sitti Asmah
Sulaiman, Norliana
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2023/TK02/UTM/02/4)
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
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Article History
Received: 6 May 2025
Accepted: 31 July 2025
First Online: 23 August 2025
Declarations
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: All ethical standards have been followed during this research.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interest.
