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Authors
Suliman, Zeinab Ahmed https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5421-6012
Mecha, Achisa Cleophas
Mwasiagi, Josphat Igadwa
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
European commission (EU) through Strengthening mobility and promoting Regional Integration in Engineering Education in Africa (SPREE) program (614586-mobaf-20191-1)
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Article History
Received: 12 June 2025
Accepted: 23 October 2025
First Online: 4 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study involved only laboratory microorganisms ( Escherichia coli ) and did not include human or animal subjects.
: No human participants were involved in this study.
: This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
