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Authors
Attia, Marwa F. A.
El-Nile, Amr E.
Gad, Alaa M. A.
Moharam, Mohamed S.
Kholif, Ahmed E. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0472-4770
Aburawash, Raed A.
Hafez, Elsayed E.
Sallam, Sobhy M. A.
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Article History
Received: 16 June 2025
Accepted: 22 December 2025
First Online: 11 January 2026
Declarations
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: Animal care and experimental procedures followed the Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching (Federation of Animal Science Societies; Champaign, IL, USA) following the guidelines approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Alexandria University; approval number Alex. Agri. 082507328 ensured compliance with ethical standards for animal welfare during rumen fluid collection.
: This is not applicable.
: This is not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
