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Article History

Received: 3 October 2025

Accepted: 7 January 2026

First Online: 22 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The author(s) utilized AI-assisted tools, including ChatGPT (chat.openai.com), Copilot (copilot.microsoft.com), and Grammarly ( ) to support the editing of select sections of this manuscript. All content generated or refined using these tools was subsequently reviewed and edited by the authors to ensure accuracy and appropriateness. The authors take full responsibility for the final content of the publication.

: All animal procedures were conducted in accordance with the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and were approved by the University of Wisconsin-Madison Animal Care and Use Committee (protocol ID: V006099).

: This is not applicable.

: This is not applicable.

: This is not applicable.

: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Author AM is listed as an inventor on a technology involving the use of Prevotella histicola for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The patent is held by Mayo Clinic and exclusively licensed to Evelo Biosciences. AM receives royalties from Mayo Clinic, funded by Evelo Biosciences. Importantly, no resources or products related to this patent were utilized in the current study. All other authors declare no known financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work presented in this manuscript.