Article History
Received: 8 July 2025
Accepted: 2 August 2025
First Online: 7 August 2025
Declarations
:
: English Longitudinal Study of Ageing Wave 4 received ethical approval from the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery & Institute of Neurology Joint Research Ethics Committee on 12 October 2007 (07/H0716/48), and all participants provided written informed consent. Ethical approvals for the other waves in the ELSA project can be found on the website: .
: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.