Article History
Received: 2 May 2025
Accepted: 9 August 2025
First Online: 30 August 2025
Declarations
:
: This study is based on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, which has obtained ethical approval from the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). All participants were provided with informed written consent.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.