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Article History

Received: 22 April 2026

Accepted: 21 July 2026

First Online: 5 August 2026

Declarations

Conflict of interest: HZ has served at scientific advisory boards and/or as a consultant for Abbvie, Acumen, Alamar, Alector, Alzinova, ALZpath, Amylyx, Annexon, Apellis, Artery Therapeutics, AZTherapies, Bioventix, Cognitact, Cognito Therapeutics, CogRx, Denali, Eisai, Enigma, Johnson & Johnson, LabCorp, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merry Life, Nervgen, New Amsterdam, Novo Nordisk, Optoceutics, Passage Bio, Pinteon Therapeutics, Prothena, Quanterix, Red Abbey Labs, reMYND, Roche, Samumed, ScandiBio Therapeutics AB, Siemens Healthineers, Triplet Therapeutics, and Wave, has given lectures sponsored by Alzecure, BioArctic, Biogen, Cellectricon, Fujirebio, LabCorp, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Oy Medix Biochemica AB, Roche, and WebMD, is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program, and is a shareholder of CERimmune Therapeutics (outside submitted work). All the other authors declare that they have no competing financial interests or personal relationships that could influence the work reported in this study.