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Life cycle assessment of nutraceutical bottles: comparison of high-density polyethylene vs. hemp fiber composite, recycled, or fossil polymer

Published Online: 2025-10-07

Published Print: 2025-12

Authors

Hernandez, Carlos https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8730-0345
Rodrigues, Carla

Freire, Fausto
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (PRT/BD/154263/2022)

Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (UIDB/50022/2020)

Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (2022.05561.CEECIND)

HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme (101135071)
License Information

Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-10-07

Version of Record valid from 2025-10-07
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Article History

Received: 26 February 2025

Accepted: 25 September 2025

First Online: 7 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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