Funding for this research was provided by:
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
Article History
Received: 18 May 2021
Accepted: 20 April 2022
First Online: 19 May 2022
Declarations
:
: All participants took part on a voluntary basis and their parents gave written informed consent to their participation. All data were collected and analyzed anonymously. The study was conducted in full accordance with the German Psychological Society’s (DGP’s) ethical guidelines (2004, CIII; note that these are based on the APA’s ethical standards) as well as the German Research Foundation’s (DFG’s) ethical standards. According to DFG, psychological studies only need approval from an institutional review board if a study exposes participants to risks that are related to high emotional or physical stress and/or if participants are not informed about the goals and procedures included in the study. As none of these conditions applied to the present study, we did not seek approval from an institutional review board.
: Written informed parental consent was given for all students under age 18 and own informed consent for all students at the age of 18 or older.
: not applicable.
: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.