Funding for this research was provided by:
Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang (GB202302007)
Zhejiang Province Higher Education Society Research Project (KT2025457)
the Zhejiang University of Technology Smart Course Construction Project “Instructional System Design” (without Grant number)
Article History
Received: 27 May 2025
Accepted: 26 February 2026
First Online: 14 March 2026
Declarations
:
: This study was carried out without ethics issues.
: All participants gave their consent for participation.
: All authors gave their consent for publication.
: The authors have no relevant financial or nonfinancial interests to disclose.