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Article History

Received: 4 February 2026

Accepted: 16 February 2026

First Online: 19 February 2026

Declarations

:

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee (Research Ethics Committee of Macau Society of Criminology) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: This study was conducted in compliance with local regulations and received the necessary approvals from relevant authorities in Chongqing, China. All participants provided verbally informed consent before taking part in the study. The research adhered to ethical standards, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of all participants’ data.

: The author permits the journal to publish this manuscript.

: The author declared no competing interests with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.