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Article History

Received: 4 March 2025

Accepted: 16 June 2026

First Online: 23 July 2026

Declarations

Conflict of interest: No potential conflict of interest.

Ethical approval: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board. All participants provided informed consent prior to data collection. The simulation assignment was optional and did not affect course grades; no incentives were provided. Data were de‑identified for analysis. We use pseudonymous IDs throughout (TCs for teacher candidates; TE for instructors). IRB Approval: 2010974–2.

AI usage disclaimer: While preparing this work, the authors used ChatGPT and Grammarly to proofread and improve the readability of the text throughout the production of the manuscript. After using this tool/service, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and took full responsibility for the publication content. In addition, as explained in the methodology, ChatGPT was used in collaboration with NVivo qualitative software. Its role was limited to reviewing de-identified codes and excerpts for possible overlap or refinement after human coding had already been completed.