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Authors
Pentland, Steven J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9402-6855
Lowenthal, Patrick R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9318-1909
Krier, Karen https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3699-2018
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Article History
Received: 8 December 2025
Accepted: 25 June 2026
First Online: 13 August 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The first author is a founder and equity holder in a company that develops and applies asynchronous oral assessment technology for educational use. A related patent application covering the AOA methodology is pending with the author’s university technology transfer office. The authors declare no other competing interests.
Ethical approval: The Boise State University Institutional Review Board reviewed the protocol and determined that the research was exempt under 45 CFR 46.101(b) (Protocol IRB25-270). All procedures were conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines.
