Zhu, Shimin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7464-8227
Zhang, Zhuangwei
Chen, Changfu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4800-5615
Zhang, Genbao
Wang, Mingbin
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2024QE444)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52278349)
Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Big Data Smart Application of Natural Disaster Risks Survey of Highway Engineering (BNH2024KFA03)
Higher Education Scientific Research Project (24SY0104)
Article History
Received: 23 December 2024
Accepted: 26 October 2025
First Online: 12 December 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.