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Article History

First Online: 15 May 2020

Compliance with Ethical Standards

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: None of the authors have any conflicts of interest. Dr. Hammond serves as a scientific advisor for the National Courts and Science Institute and as a subject matter expert for the Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) related to co-occurring substance-use disorders and severe emotional disturbance in youth. Dr. Krishnan-Sarin has received investigational medications from Astra Zeneca and Novartis for studies on alcohol drinking behaviors. Dr. Potenza has consulted for Rivermend Health, Opiant Therapeutics, Addiction Policy Forum, Game Day Data and AXA; has received research support (to Yale) from Mohegan Sun Casino and the National Center for Responsible Gaming; has participated in surveys, mailings or telephone consultations related to drug addiction, impulse-control disorders or other health topics; has consulted for and/or advised gambling and legal entities on issues related to impulse-control/addictive disorders; has provided clinical care in a problem gambling services program; has performed grant reviews for research-funding agencies; has edited journals and journal sections; has given academic lectures in grand rounds, CME events, and other clinical or scientific venues; and has generated books or book chapters for publishers of mental health texts. Dr. Mayes reports no disclosures. Dr. Crowley received grant funding from the NIH (T32 MH018268).

: The study was approved by the Yale Human Investigation Committee and followed the code of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000 (5). Informed consent was obtained from all patients for being included in the study.