Document is current

Article History

Accepted: 31 August 2023

First Online: 14 September 2023

Declarations

:

: Several ethics committees approved study procedures (For Chinese participants: Guangzhou Sport University and Jianxi Psychological Consultant Association; for Bangladeshi participants: Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology of Bangladesh; for Pakistani participants: Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan; and for Iranian participants: Qazvin University of Medical Sciences). The study procedures adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.

: All participants provided written informed consent or e-informed consent, and in the case of participants below 18 years old, one of their guardians also provided written informed consent. Subjects participated voluntarily and were free to withdraw at any time.

: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests. Dr. Potenza discloses the following: Dr. Potenza has consulted for Opiant Therapeutics, Game Day Data, the Addiction Policy Forum, AXA, Baria-Tek, and Idorsia Pharmaceuticals; has been involved in a patent application with Yale University and Novartis; has received research support from Mohegan Sun Casino and the Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling; has participated in surveys, mailings or telephone consultations related to drug addiction, impulse-control disorders or other health topics; has consulted for and/or advised gambling and legal entities on issues related to impulse-control/addictive disorders; has provided clinical care in a problem gambling services program; has performed grant reviews for research-funding agencies; has edited journals and journal sections; has given academic lectures in grand rounds, CME events, and other clinical or scientific venues; and has generated books or book chapters for publishers of mental health texts. The other authors do not report disclosures.