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Article History

Accepted: 12 May 2025

First Online: 4 June 2025

Declarations

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: The study procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the ethics committee of the first author’s university (ID: 2022A21). All participants were informed about the study and provided their consent to participate.

: N. Yao, J. Chen, and J. D. Elhai declare that they have no conflict of interest. For reasons of transparency, Jon Elhai notes that he receives royalties for several books published on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); is a paid, full-time faculty member at University of Toledo; occasionally serves as a paid, expert witness on PTSD legal cases; and recently received grant research funding from the US National Institutes of Health.

: The authors used generative AI (ChatGPT-4, OpenAI Inc., ) to enhance the readability and language of this article. Following the use of the tool, the authors carefully reviewed and edited the content to ensure its accuracy and quality, and they take full responsibility for the final published material.