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Authors
Nayeem, Nawar
Walsh, McKenna
Bello-Kottenstette, Jennifer
Messias, Erick
Lin, Ping-I. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9739-7184
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCS-2018C1-11111)
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Article History
Received: 16 January 2025
Accepted: 15 October 2025
First Online: 29 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
: This study involved secondary analysis of publicly available, de-identified data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Per federal regulation and institutional policy, analyses of publicly available, de-identified datasets do not constitute human subjects research and therefore did not require institutional review board (IRB) approval or informed consent. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant institutional and national research committee guidelines.
