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Authors
Sermet, Sera
Crawford, Robert B.
Gulick, Peter
Kaminski, Norbert E.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institutes of Health (R01 DA047180)
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Article History
Received: 18 February 2026
Accepted: 22 June 2026
First Online: 4 July 2026
Declarations
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: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Biomedical and Health Institutional Review Board (BIRB) of Michigan State University (STUDY00006315).
: Informed consent was obtained from all HIV+ participants in the study. All biological samples from HIV- participants were procured commercially in fully deidentified form.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
