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Authors
Oshio, Takashi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8142-5585
Sugiyama, Kemmyo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5110-2216
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Article History
Received: 2 September 2021
Accepted: 27 September 2021
First Online: 7 October 2021
Declarations
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: Data obtained from the Longitudinal Survey of Middle-Aged and Older Adults, a 14-wave panel survey conducted by the Japanese MHLW each year between 2005 and 2018, were used. This survey was officially approved by the Statistics Committee of the Japanese Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (Approval No: 26103, Statistics Code: 00450045), under the Japan’s Statistics Act, which required that it be reviewed from statistical, legal, ethical, and other viewpoints. Survey data were obtained from the MHLW, with official permission. Therefore, ethical approval was not required in this study.
: The need for written consent was waived, in line with the Statistics Act (see above for Ethics approval).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
