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Authors
Bialowolski, Piotr https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4102-0107
Weziak-Bialowolska, Dorota https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2711-2283
Niemiec, Ryan M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3311-611X
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Article History
Received: 24 March 2025
Accepted: 11 August 2025
First Online: 7 October 2025
Declarations
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: Piotr Bialowolski and Dorota Weziak-Bialowolska declare no potential conflict of interest. Ryan Niemiec is employed in VIA Institute on Character – the institution that collected the data used in the study.
: This research study was conducted retrospectively from data obtained for research purposes by VIA Institute on Character. We consulted extensively with the Research Ethics Committee of Kozminski University who determined that procedures used this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki, the European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity and European Commission Ethics in Social Sciences and Humanities, and the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct by American Psychological Association. Approval for this study was granted by the Research Ethics Committee of Kozminski University.
