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Authors
Dong, Fangjie
Chen, Yuqiu
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Article History
Received: 16 June 2025
Accepted: 3 October 2025
First Online: 6 November 2025
Declarations
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: The research data was obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), a nationally representative longitudinal survey that has received ethical approval from the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University (Approval No. IRB00001052-11015). All participants provided informed consent prior to data collection.
: The authors report there are no competing interests to declare.
