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Authors
Lomas, Tim
Padgett, R. Noah
Pawelski, James O.
Makridis, Christos A.
Fernández Pacheco, Pedro Antonio de la Rosa
Kim, Young-Il
Breedlove, Thomas
Cowden, Richard G.
Counted, Victor
Johnson, Byron R.
VanderWeele, Tyler J.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
John Templeton Foundation (61665)
Templeton Religion Trust (1308)
Templeton World Charity Foundation (0605)
Well-Being for Planet Earth
Fetzer Institute (4354)
Well Being Trust
Paul L. Foster Family Foundation
The David & Carol Myers Foundation
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Article History
Received: 23 September 2025
Accepted: 2 December 2025
First Online: 2 February 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was granted by the institutional review boards at the participating universities (details withheld for blind review) and Gallup (IRB Reference #: 2021–11-02). Gallup is a multi-national corporation, and its IRB covers all countries included in the GFS. All participants provided informed consent. The research conformed to the principles of the Helsinki.
: Tyler J. VanderWeele reports partial ownership and licensing fees from Gloo, Inc. The remaining authors have no competing interests to declare.
