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Authors
Zhang, Runjia
Zhang, Zheng
Liu, Ao
Yan, Yangxinyu
Zhou, Chuantao
Hong, Xintian
Xia, Yizhang
Xie, Zhaoyang
Wang, Yuanyuan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Striving for the First-Class, Improving Weak Links and Highlighting Features (SIH) Key Discipline for Psychology in South China Normal University
Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2025A1515011554)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82201708)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (32571271)
Guangdong Philosophy and Social Science Foundation (GD25YXL09)
Guangzhou Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning Project (2025GZYB21)
Research Center for Brain Cognition and Human Development, Guangdong, China (2024B030339000)
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Article History
Received: 8 May 2025
Accepted: 15 December 2025
First Online: 30 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shaanxi Police University (Approval No. 20240721–001; 8 July 2024). All procedures followed institutional ethical standards. Informed written consent was obtained electronically from all participants, who were fully informed of the survey’ s voluntary and anonymous nature.
: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
