Smith, Conal
Duncan, Scott
Cross, Matt
Exeter, Daniel
Hinckson, Erica
Ivory, Vivienne
Ka’ai, Tania
MacKay, Lisa
McPhee, Julia
Narayanan, Anantha
Pacheco, Gail
Somerville-Ryan, Megan
Stewart, Tom
Talukdar, Kaushik
Funding for this research was provided by:
Auckland University of Technology
Article History
Received: 3 October 2025
Accepted: 2 June 2026
First Online: 23 June 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Access to the data used in this study was provided by Stats NZ under conditions designed to give effect to the security and confidentiality provisions of the Data and Statistics Act 2022. The results presented in this study are the work of the author, not Stats NZ or individual data suppliers.These results are not official statistics. They have been created for research purposes from the Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI) which is carefully managed by Stats NZ. For more information about the IDI please visit .