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Article History

Accepted: 18 September 2024

First Online: 11 October 2024

Declarations

:

: This study was funded by Pfizer (tracking no. 75046155), the Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW112-TDU-B-222-124019), and Formatting the Risk Prediction Models for Never-Smoking Lung Cancer (FORMOSA).

: Zhe-Rong Zheng, Jia-Jun Wu, Chun-Ju Chiang, Tzu-I Chen, Kun-Chieh Chen, Cheng-Hsiang Chu, Sheng-Yi Lin, Sung-Liang Yu, Wen-Chung Lee, Tsang-Wu Liu, and Gee-Chen Chang declare that they have no conflicts of interest that might be relevant to the contents of this manuscript.

: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of CSMUH, Taiwan (IRB no. CS1-22160).

: Not applicable.

: All authors reviewed the manuscript and approved the version for publication.

: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

: Not applicable.

: Zhe-Rong Zheng, Jia-Jun Wu, Chun-Ju Chiang, and Gee-Chen Chang contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation and data collection were performed by Jia-Jun Wu and Chun-Ju Chiang. The analysis of the data was done by Jia-Jun Wu, Chun-Ju Chiang, Tzu-I Chen, Kun-Chieh Chen, and Gee-Chen Chang. The writing of the original draft was performed by Zhe-Rong Zheng, Jia-Jun Wu, Chun-Ju Chiang, Tzu-I Chen, Kun-Chieh Chen, Cheng-Hsiang Chu, Sheng-Yi Lin, Sung-Liang Yu, Wen-Chung Lee, Tsang-Wu Liu, and Gee-Chen Chang. Jia-Jun Wu and Gee-Chen Chang revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content.