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Article History

Accepted: 28 March 2025

First Online: 10 April 2025

Declarations

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: No external funding was used in the preparation of this manuscript.

: D.A.B. reports share options in Elephas (a company involved in diagnostic tumor testing to assess ex-vivo responses to immunotherapy); consulting or personal fees from Cancer Expert Now, Adnovate Strategies, MDedge, CancerNetwork, Catenion, OncLive, Cello Health BioConsulting, PWW Consulting, Haymarket Medical Network, Aptitude Health, ASCO Post and Harborside, Targeted Oncology, Merck, Pfizer, MedScape, Accolade 2nd MD, DLA Piper, AbbVie, Compugen, Link Cell Therapies, Scholar Rock, NeoMorph, Exelixis, AVEO, Eisai, and Elephas; and research support from Exelixis and AstraZeneca outside of the submitted work. D.A.B. has collaborated with Toni K Choueiri, Laurence Albiges, Rana R McKay, Hans Hammers, Daniel Y C Heng, Bradley A McGregor, and Robert J Motzer, but not in relation to the trials discussed here. D.A.B. acknowledges support from the Department of Defense (grant nos. KC190128/W81XWH- 20 - 1- 0882 and KC220016/HT9425 - 23 - 1- 0735), the National Institutes of Health and the National Cancer Institute (grant no. 1R37 CA279822 - 01), the Louis Goodman and Alfred Gilman Yale Scholar Fund, and the Yale Cancer Center (supported by a National Institutes of Health and National Cancer Institute research grant, grant no. P30 CA016359). Z.A.Y. declares no competing interests.

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: Z.A.Y. and D.A.B. conceptualized, drafted, edited, and reviewed the final manuscript.