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Article History

Accepted: 8 April 2025

First Online: 24 April 2025

Declarations

:

: This research did not receive any specific grants from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or nonprofit sectors.

: Tadaaki Yamada has received grants from Ono Pharmaceutical, Janssen, AstraZeneca, and Takeda Pharmaceutical and personal fees from Eli Lilly and holds a pending patent for PCT/JP2018/038202 with Ono Pharmaceutical outside of the submitted work. Hisashi Tanaka has received speaking honoraria from Ono Pharmaceutical, Bristol Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Boehringer Ingelheim, Pfizer, Takeda Pharmaceutical, MSD-Merck, and Amgen. Makoto Hibino has received speaking honoraria from Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and Eli Lilly and was involved in a collaborative research project with Shionogi & Co., Ltd. outside the submitted work. Hayato Kawachi has received personal fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., AstraZeneca KK, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan KK, and MSD KK outside the purview of the submitted work. Koichi Takayama has received research grants from Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and Ono Pharmaceutical and personal fees from AstraZeneca, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., MSD-Merck, Eli Lilly, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Daiichi-Sankyo outside the purview of the submitted work. Kenji Morimoto, Naoki Furuya, Akihiro Yoshimura, Tomohiro Oba, Takahito Fukuda, Yasuhiro Goto, Akira Nakao, Shinsuke Ogusu, Yuta Okazaki, Taishi Harada, Takayo Ota, Ken Masubuchi, Koji Mikami, Tae Hata, Shoki Matsumoto, Ryoichi Honda, Koji Date, and Yusuke Chihara have no conflicts of interest that might be relevant to the contents of this manuscript.

: All procedures involving human participants performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The review board of each institution approved the study protocol.

: The requirement for informed consent from patients was waived because of the retrospective nature of the study, and an opt-out method was included so that patients and families could opt out of participating in the study.

: Not applicable.

: The datasets generated during the current study are not publicly available because of ethical constraints but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

: Not applicable.

: Conceptualization and investigation: Morimoto K, Yamada T. Resources and data curation: all authors. Writing—original draft: Morimoto K, Yamada T, and Takayama K. Writing—review and editing: all authors. Software and formal analysis: Morimoto K. Project administration: Yamada T, Takayama K. Supervision: Yamada T.