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Article History

Received: 2 February 2025

Accepted: 6 September 2025

First Online: 10 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Melissa L. Johnson is an employee of Sarah Cannon Research Institute; has received research funding from AbbVie, Acerta, Adaptimmune, Apexigen, Array BioPharma, AstraZeneca, Atreca, BeiGene, Birdie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Checkpoint Therapeutics, Corvus Pharmaceuticals, CytomX, Daiichi Sankyo, Dynavax, Lilly, EMD Serono, Genentech/Roche, Genmab, Genocea Biosciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Gritstone Oncology, Guardant Health, Hengrui Therapeutics, Immunocore, Incyte, Janssen, Jounce Therapeutics, Kadmon Pharmaceuticals, Loxo Oncology, Lycera, Merck, Mirati Therapeutics, Neovia Oncology, Novartis, OncoMed Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, Shattuck Labs, Stem CentRx, Syndax Pharmaceuticals, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Tarveda, University of Michigan, WindMIL, TCR2 Therapeutics, Arcus Biosciences, Ribon Therapeutics, and Amgen; and has acted as a consultant for AbbVie, Achilles Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Atreca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Calithera Biosciences, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Gritstone Oncology, Guardant Health, Incyte, Janssen, Lilly, Loxo Oncology, Merck, Mirati Therapeutics, Novartis, Pfizer, Ribon Therapeutics, Sanofi, and the Association of Community Cancer Centers. Shaker R. Dakhil, J. Thaddeus Beck, Ahad Sadiq, and Smitha Menon have no conflicts of interest to declare. Ganesh M. Mugundu and Juliann Chmielecki are former employees of and equity holders in AstraZeneca. David R. Spigel is an employee of Sarah Cannon Research Institute.

: The trials were conducted according to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and were approved by the institutional review boards of each participating site.

: These clinical trials obtained informed consent from all participating patients.

: Not applicable.

: Data underlying the findings described in this manuscript may be obtained in accordance with AstraZeneca’s data sharing policy described at . Data for studies directly listed on Vivli can be requested through Vivli at . Data for studies not listed on Vivli can be requested through Vivli at . The AstraZeneca Vivli member page is also available, outlining further details: .

: Not applicable.

: Conception and design: MLJ, GMM, JC, and DRS. Development of methodology: MLJ, GMM, JC, and DRS. Acquisition of data (acquired and managed patients, provided facilities, etc.): MLJ, SRD, JTB, AS, and SM. Analysis and interpretation of data (e.g., statistical analysis, computational analysis): MLJ, GMM, JC, and DRS. Writing, review, and/or revision of the manuscript: all authors. Administrative, technical, or material support (i.e., reporting or organizing data, constructing databases): MLJ, GMM, JC, and DRS. Study supervision: MLJ, SRD, JTB, AS, and SM.