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Article History

Received: 13 August 2025

Accepted: 16 October 2025

First Online: 1 November 2025

Declarations

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: Yu Fujiwara receives expenses from Conquer Cancer, the ASCO Foundation, American Association for Cancer Research, and Japanese Medical Society of America, outside this work. Manmeet Singh Ahluwalia holds stock or other ownership interests in MimiVax, Doctible, MedInnovate Advisors LLC, and TriSalus Life Sciences. He has received honoraria from Prime Oncology, Elsevier, Prime Education, and Peerview. He has also served in consulting or advisory roles for InSightec, Nuvation Bio, Apollomics, GlaxoSmithKline, Prelude Therapeutics, Janssen, ViewRay, Xoft, SDP Oncology, Voyager Therapeutics, Pyramid Biosciences, Caris Life Sciences, Anheart Therapeutics, Theraguix, Cairn Therapeutics, Modifi Biosciences, Bayer, Bugworks, Menarini Group, Siemens Healthineers/Varian Medical Systems, Autem Therapeutics, AlloVir, Equillium, and Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Oncology. He has received research funding from Novartis, Novocure, AstraZeneca, Merck, Pharmacyclics, Incyte, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boston Biomedical, MimiVax, AbbVie, and Seattle Genetics, with all payments directed to his institution. In addition, an immediate family member has financial relationships with ResMed and Idorsia. Sarbajit Mukherjee serves as a volunteer guidelines panel member for the American Society of Clinical Oncology. He has received research funding from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network and Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals/North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society, with all payments directed to his institution. He has also received consulting fees from Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS), Eisai, and BeiGene Ltd. Kota Tokunaga, Reo Omori, and Takumi Sato have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

: Not applicable.

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: Not applicable. The analyses were conducted using Review Manager, which is a graphical user interface software. No custom code or programming scripts were used.

: KT and YF contributed to protocol development, data collection and management, statistical analysis, and drafting of the manuscript. RO and TS assisted with data collection and provided critical revisions. MSA participated in the manuscript review and editing process. SM supervised the project, supported protocol development and oversight, and contributed to the manuscript review and editing. The first draft of the manuscript was prepared by KT and YF. All authors reviewed and commented on earlier versions of the manuscript and approved the final version.