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Article History

Received: 6 October 2025

Accepted: 13 January 2026

First Online: 25 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Camilla Nero has received travel support from MSD, Illumina, Menarini, and AstraZeneca, and honoraria from Veeva, GSK, MSD, AstraZeneca, Altems, Illumina, and Guardant Health. Lisa Salvatore has served as a consultant or advisor for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Daiichi-Sankyo, Incyte, Lilly, Merck Serono, MSD, and Servier. She has also received research funding from Amgen, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Daiichi-Sankyo, Hutchinson, Incyte, Merck Serono, Mirati, MSD, Pfizer, and Roche. She is part of the speakers’ bureaus of Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Lilly, Merck Serono, Pierre Fabre, Roche, and Servier. Maria Alessandra Calegari has received travel and hospitality support from Pierre Fabre, Amgen, Merck, Servier, and Bayer. He also participates in the advisory board of Merck. Vanda Salutari has received honoraria or consultation fees from Immunogen, MSD, GSK, Menarini, and Steam Line, and participated in company-sponsored speaker’s bureaus for MSD, AstraZeneca, GSK, and EISAI. Nicola Normanno declares receiving speaker’s fees and/or participating in advisory boards for MSD, Bayer, Biocartis, Illumina, Incyte, Roche, BMS, Merck, Thermo Fisher, AstraZeneca, and Eli Lilly. He also received financial support for research projects (institutional grants) from Merck, Thermo Fisher, QIAGEN, Roche, AstraZeneca, Biocartis, and Illumina. He has non-financial interests as the President of the International Quality Network for Pathology (IQN Path) and as the Past President of the Italian Cancer Society (SIC). Francesco Fanfani has received research funding from Clovis, GSK, MSD, and PharmaMar, as well as personal and financial interests with GSK, MSD, SYSMEX, and STRYKER. Giovanni Scambia has received research support from MSD and honoraria from Clovis Oncology, and serves as a consultant for Tesaro and Johnson & Johnson. Giovanni Trovato has participated in advisory boards and sponsored meetings organized by BMS, MSD, Merck, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Servier, Roche, and Dompé. Simona Duranti, Gloria Anderson, Luca Mastrantoni, Mina Karimi, Giulia Mantini, Angelo Minucci, Giulia Maneri, Luciano Giacò, Angela Santoro, Arianna Panfili, Alessia Piermattei, Ilenia Marino, Giulia Caira, Giovanni Trovato, and Valentina Iacobelli have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

: The study has been conducted following the Declaration of Helsinki and has received approval from the Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS ethical committee (Protocol U 00194/23, ID number: 3837).

: Prior to participation, all patients provided informed consent.

: Not applicable.

: The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available because of ethical reasons, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

: Not applicable