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Article History

Received: 24 November 2025

Accepted: 2 March 2026

First Online: 16 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The trial was supported by grants from the Institut National du Cancer (INCa) within the AcSé program, Association Imagine for Margo, Fondation ARC, Fédération Enfants et Santé, Société Française de lutte contre les Cancers et les leucémies de l’Enfant et l’adolescent (SFCE), Cancer Research UK, Dell, Cyclacel, and the Asociación Pablo Ugarte in Spain. LVM is supported by the Oak Foundation via the Royal Marsden Cancer Charity, and BG by the ‘Parrainage médecin-chercheur’ of Gustave Roussy. The trial was in part developed in the Joint ECCO-AACR-EORTC-ESMO Workshop on Methods in Clinical Cancer Research in Flims in 2014 (Francisco Bautista, BG).

: ARS has had an advisory role for Eusapharma and SANOFI and an IDMC role for Miltenyi Biotec. LVM has had an advisory role for Alligator Biosciences, Bayer, DayOne Biopharmaceuticals, Illumina and Merck KGaA, and IDMC roles for Eisai and Merck. NA had an advisory role for MERCK and Norgine and receives grants (institution) from Bristol Myers Squibb and drugs for a trial from Bristol Myers Squibb, Pierre Fabre, MERCK, Pfizer and travel support from Roche, Novartis, Alexion; he has IDMC roles for ITM Radiopharma. SA has an advisory role for research funding support for FORE pharmaceutical, Lilly and Ipsen and is co inventory of a patent for temozolomide oral suspension. IA has had an advisory role for Alexion. SD has had an IDMC role for Orphelia Pharma. BG has had an advisory role for AstraZeneca, and IDMC roles for Roche and Novartis. EK, JR, SN, ET, CB, and GLT declare no conflict of interest that might be relevant to the contents of this manuscript.

: This study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Written informed consent was obtained from parents, patients, or legal representatives.

: Not applicable.

: Data from this clinical trial are available from the authors and can be requested by completing the data request form for Gustave Roussy clinical trials at . The trial steering committee and the sponsor will review the requests on a case-by-case basis. A specific agreement between the sponsor and the researcher may be required for data transfer.

: Not applicable.

: All authors contributed to collection and assembly of data, and to data analysis and interpretation. All authors critically reviewed the manuscript, provided final approval, and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.