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Article History

Received: 16 December 2025

Accepted: 9 March 2026

First Online: 17 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Chieh-Lin Jerry Teng received honoraria and consulting fees from Novartis, Roche, Pfizer, Takeda, Johnson and Johnson, Amgen, BMS Celgene, TTY, and MSD. Yin-Che Wang, Po-Hsien Li, Cheng-Hsien Lin, and Yu-Chen Su have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

: Participant details were de-identified, and study was conducted according to the current version of the Declaration of Helsinki. The Institutional Review Board of Taichung Veterans General Hospital approved the study (CE251005A).

: The Institutional Review Board of Taichung Veterans General Hospital agreed to waive the requirement for obtaining informed consent from the participants because of the retrospective nature of the study.

: Not applicable.

: The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

: Not applicable.

: Y-CW: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing (review and editing). P-HL: conceptualization, methodology, investigation. C-HL: conceptualization, investigation, formal analysis, writing (review and editing). Y-CS: methodology, investigation, writing (review and editing). C‐LJT: conceptualization, supervision, writing (review and editing). All authors gave final approval of the manuscript.