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Authors
Dreikhausen, Lena https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9844-0159
Olkus, Alexander
Dill, Michael
Springfeld, Christoph
Heumann, Philipp
Schulte, Nadine
Atanasova, Konstantina
Ebert, Matthias P.
Letsch, Anne
Wandmacher, Anna M.
Zhan, Tianzuo
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG ZH 1023 (FOR 5806))
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (project number 413490537)
Medical Faculty Mannheim (Clinician Scientist program)
Medical Faculty of Christian Albrecht University
Deutsche Krebshilfe (70113858)
Medizinischen Fakultät Heidelberg, Universität Heidelberg (Clinician Scientist program)
Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.
Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg
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Article History
Received: 12 November 2025
Accepted: 30 March 2026
First Online: 20 April 2026
Declarations
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: Lena Dreikhausen, Alexander Olkus, Michael Dill, Christoph Springfeld, Philipp Heumann, Nadine Schulte, Konstantina Atanasova, Matthias P. Ebert, Anne Letsch, Anna M. Wandmacher, and Tianzuo Zhan have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.
: Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of Heidelberg University (identifier: 2022-823_1-AF 11) and approved by all participating centers. TriNetX utilizes aggregated de-identified patient records, and analysis of the TriNetX database does not require approval by the ethics committee. The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Because of the retrospective design of the study, no written informed consent from patients was required, as decided by the local ethics board.
: Not applicable.
: Genomic data are provided in Table . Data used in this article may be made available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.
: Not applicable.
: LD, AMW, and TZ conceived and designed the study. LD, KA, AMW, and TZ analyzed the data. LD, AO, MTD, CS, PH, NS, MPE, AL, AMW, and TZ collected clinical data and provided critical data interpretation. LD, AMW, and TZ. wrote the manuscript. All authors have read and provided comments on the manuscript. All authors approved the manuscript and gave their consent for submission and publication.
