Document is current

Article History

Received: 26 February 2026

Accepted: 14 April 2026

First Online: 8 May 2026

Declarations

:

: No external funding was used in the preparation of this manuscript.

: All named authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for authorship for this article, take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, and have given their approval for the final version to be published.

: Dirk Schadendorf: financial interests, personal, invited speaker: BMS, MSD, Merck Serono, and Regeneron; financial interests, personal, advisory board: BMS, Novartis, MSD, Immunocore, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron, Philogen, BioAlta, Daiichi Sankyo, BioNTech, Immatics, CureVac, Formycon, Replimune, Sunpharma, Skyline Dx, IOVance, Ipsen, IOBioTech, and Boehringer Ingelheim; financial interests, institutional, coordinating PI: Novartis, BMS, MSD, Pierre Fabre, and Immatics; financial interests, institutional, research grant: BMS and MSD; financial interests, personal, steering committee member: MSD; financial interests, institutional, local PI: Philogen, Immunocore, Regeneron, BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals GMBH, Replimune, and IO Biotech; nonfinancial interests, personal, member of board of directors: EORTC-MG; nonfinancial interests, personal, leadership role, founding member and SC chair: European Melanoma Registry (EuMelaReg). Helen Gogas: financial interests, personal, advisory board: MSD, BMS, Pierre Fabre, and Sanofi; financial interests, personal, invited speaker: MSD, BMS, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, and Sanofi; financial interests, personal, steering committee member: Amgen and Replimune; financial interests, institutional, local Pi: Amgen, MSD, BMS, Replimune, Iovance, and Bayer; financial interests, institutional, research grant: BMS, Pfizer, Lilly, Pierre Fabre, and AstraZeneca. Dimitrios C. Ziogas: financial interests, personal, invited speaker: AstraZeneca, MSD, BMS, Ipsen, Pierre Fabre, Gilead, Amgen, and Genesis; financial interests, personal, advisory board: Roche and Winmedica. Dimitrios A. Andreikos, Iro Argyropoulou, Charalampos Theocharopoulos, Amalia Anastasopoulou, Dimitra Stefanou, and Giorgos Lyrarakis declare that they have no conflicts of interest that might be relevant to the contents of this manuscript.

: This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

: Not applicable.

: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article/as supplementary information files.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.