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Article History

Received: 6 March 2026

Accepted: 15 May 2026

First Online: 8 June 2026

Declarations

Conflicts of interest/competing interests: Yen-Hsiang Huang, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Po-Hsin Lee, I-Hung Lin, Mu-Han Peng, and Tsung-Ying Yang declare that they have no conflicts of interest that might be relevant to the contents of this manuscript.

Ethics approval: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of TCVGH, Taiwan (IRB no. CF12019).

Consent to participate: Not applicable.

Consent for publication: All authors reviewed the manuscript and approved of the version to be published.

Availability of data and material: Not applicable.

Code availability: Not applicable.

Authors’ contributions: Yen-Hsiang Huang, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Tsung-Ying Yang contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation and data collection were performed by Yen-Hsiang Huang, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Po-Hsin Lee, I-Hung Lin, Mu-Han Peng, and Tsung-Ying Yang. The analysis of the data was done by Yen-Hsiang Huang, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Po-Hsin Lee, I-Hung Lin, and Mu-Han Peng. The writing of the original draft was performed by Yen-Hsiang Huang, Kuo-Hsuan Hsu, Jeng-Sen Tseng, Po-Hsin Lee, I-Hung Lin, Mu-Han Peng, and Tsung-Ying Yang. Yen-Hsiang Huang, Jeng-Sen Tseng, and Tsung-Ying Yang revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content.