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Article History

Received: 4 February 2019

Accepted: 26 June 2019

First Online: 2 July 2019

Compliance with ethical standards

:

: Anthony Jarc, Linlin Zhou, and Liheng Guo are employees of Intuitive Surgical, Inc. Irfan Essa and Aneeq Zia declare that they have no conflict of interest.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.